We Americans love to eat, but this week the Center for Disease Control released a report suggesting we are eating ourselves into a diabetes epidemic. Diabetes affected 11 million Americans in 1990. At the close of 1999 the number was 16 million, fully 6% of all Americans. This represents an increase of 40% in ten years! Over that same period, the obesity rate increased from 12% to nearly 20%. Last year alone, the number of American diabetics increased 6%, and the obesity rate a startling 57%.
Diabetes is a disorder in which the bodys cells fail to take up glucose from the blood. Tissues waste away as glucose-starved cells are forced to consume their own proteins. Diabetes is the leading cause of kidney failure, blindness, and amputation in adults.
Almost all of the increase in the last decade is in the 85% of diabetics who suffer from type 2, or adult-onset diabetes. These individuals lack the ability to use the hormone insulin.
Your body manufactures insulin after a meal as a way to alert cells that higher levels of glucose are coming soon. The insulin signal attaches to special receptors on the cell surfaces, which respond by causing the cell to turn on its glucose-transporting machinery.
Individuals who suffer from type 2 diabetes have normal or even elevated levels of insulin in their blood, and normal insulin receptors, but for some reason the binding of insulin to their cell receptors does not turn on the glucose-transporting machinery like it is supposed to do. For 30 years researchers have been trying to figure out why not.
How does insulin act to turn on a normal cells glucose transporting machinery? Proteins called IRS proteins (the names refer not to taxes, but to insulin receptor substrate) snuggle up against the insulin receptor inside the cell. When insulin attaches to the receptor protein, the receptor responds by adding a chemical called a phosphate group onto the IRS molecules. Like being touched with a red hot poker, this galvanizes the IRS molecules into action. Dashing about, they activate a variety of processes, including an enzyme that turns on the glucose transporter machinery.
When the IRS genes are deliberately taken out of action in so-called knockout mice, type 2 diabetes results. Are defects in the genes for IRS proteins responsible for type 2 diabetes? Probably not. When researchers look for IRS gene mutations in inherited type 2 diabetics, they dont find them. The IRS genes are normal.
This suggest that in type 2 diabetes something is interfering with the action of the IRS proteins. What might it be? An estimated 80% of those who develop type 2 diabetes are obese, a tantalizing clue.
What is the link between diabetes and obesity? Research reported this month suggests an answer to this key question. A team of scientists at the University of Pennsylvania School of medicine led by Michael Lazar had been investigating why a class of drugs called thiazolidinediones (TZDs) helped combat diabetes. They found that TZDs cause the bodys cells to use insulin more effectively, and this suggested to them that the TZD drug might be targeting a hormone.
Lazars team set out to see if they could find such a hormone in mice. In search of a clue, they started by looking to see which mouse genes were activated or deactivated by TZD. Several were. Examining them, they were able to zero in on the hormone they sought. Dubbed resistin, the hormone is produced by fat cells and prompts tissues to resist insulin. The same resistin gene is present in humans, too. Lazar speculates that resistin evolved to help the body deal with periods of famine.
Mice given resistin by the researchers lost much of their ability to take up blood sugar. When given a drug that lowers resistin levels, these mice recovered the lost glucose-transporting ability.
Researchers dont yet know how resistin acts to lower insulin sensitivity, although blocking the action of IRS proteins seems a likely possibility.
Importantly, dramatically high levels of the hormone were found in mice obese from over-eating. Finding this sort of result is like ringing a dinner bell to diabetes researchers. If obesity is causing high resistin levels in humans, leading to type 2 diabetes, then resistin-lowering drugs might offer a diabetes cure!
On the scent of something important, resistin researchers are now shifting their efforts from mice to humans. Much needs to be checked, as there are no guarantees that what works in a mouse will do so in the same way in a human. Still, the excitement is tangible.
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